Fundus imaging after fluorescein injection
 This is an examination in which the fundus is visualized after an intravenous fluorescein (a contrast agent) is injected.
 And with the question of Dr. Muhammad Hantira, Honorary Assistant, Ophthalmology Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia

 Explanation of this examination gives information about physical or functional changes in the retina, choroid and optic nerve.
 How is filming done?
 Dr. Hantira explained:
 After the pupil is dilated with drops, a fluorescein-type contrast agent is injected into the vein.  The contrast material is concentrated in the blood vessels in the retina and in the choroid.  The person to be examined sits in front of a special camera to photograph the fundus (the back part).
 Imaging is done several times at specific intervals before and after the fluorescein is injected.
 Warnings
 • Public
 The risk is very small.  Side effects may occur: Due to dilatation of the pupils of the eyes for the purpose of the examination: Blurred vision may occur for a period of up to 4 hours after the examination.  (Difficulty driving, difficulty reading).  And because of fluorescein: the skin and conjunctiva may become brownish-yellow, which will disappear after 6-12 hours.  The urine may be brownish-yellow and disappear after 24 hours.  The listed side effects are harmless and do not involve any risks.  Nausea, vomiting, emaciation and feeling dizzy - these effects may occur shortly after the examination, and then disappear without causing any harm.  Redness or soreness may occur at the injection site.  Rash and breathing difficulties rarely appear, until an allergic (allergic) reaction reaches anaphylaxis.  In very rare cases (one in 250,000 people who undergo this test) a heart attack may occur.  However, this examination is generally safe and does not pose any risks.
 • During pregnancy:
 There are no warnings.
 • Breast feeding:
 There are no warnings.
 • Babies and children
 There are no warnings.
 • Elderly:
 There are no warnings.
 • Driving:
 Do not drive for 4 hours after the test, because the pupils have dilated.
 Examination results
 • In men
 The right results:
 There is a specific structure to the image.  When an abnormal result appears, the doctor will analyze it according to imaging results, eye examination results, medical history, etc.
 • In women
 The right results:
 There is a specific structure to the image.  When an abnormal result appears, the doctor will analyze it according to imaging results, eye examination results, medical history, etc.
 • In children
 The right results:
 There is a specific structure to the image.  When an abnormal result appears, the doctor will analyze it according to the imaging results, the results of the eye examination, the medical history, etc. (It is rarely necessary to perform this examination in children
 Analysis of the results
 Disorders of the blood vessels of the retina
  It may result from one or more of the following disorders:
 • Retinopathy due to diabetes
 • Retinopathy due to hypertension
 • Macular degeneration
 • Optical papilledema
 • Retinal tear
 • Retinitis pigmentosa